Information:
The processed data or some data which is useful, conveying some message and sense that is called information.
Types of information:
Constructional/creative information
This includes all information that
is used for the purpose of producing something. Before anything can be made,
the originator mobilizes his intelligence, his supply of ideas, his know-how,
and his inventiveness to encode his concept in a suitable way.
There are many types e.g. technical
drawings for the construction of a machine, a cake recipe, details of the
chemical processes, an electrical circuit diagram, or the genetic information
required for the construction of a living cell.
Operational information
All concepts having the purpose of
maintaining some “industry” in the widest sense of the word are included under
this kind of information. Many systems require operational information in the
form of programs for proper functioning.
E.g. the operating system of a
computer (e.g., DOS programs), the program controlling a robot or a process
computer, warning systems for airplanes and ships.
Operational information in the
animal kingdom, which we call “instincts” because of our lack of knowledge
about their codes and methods of transfer.
Communication information
This is composed of all other kinds
of information, e.g., letters, books, phone calls, radio transmissions, bird
songs, and the message of the Holy Scriptural book.
These information does not include
the construction of a product, neither is it involved in maintaining some
process
The goals are transmission of a
message, spreading joy, amusement, instruction, and personal confidences
Analog and Digital Information
The term analog is used to refer to
the natural world, where time is continuous and most parameters(like light,
sound Intensity, position etc.) can vary smoothly and continuously over some
range, taking on an infinite number of possible values. The term digital is
used to refer to information representations for which both time and the value
being measured move in discrete steps i.e. when there are a finite number of
possible values.
The Natural World is Analog
Human speech is an example of analog communication.
Speech causes to vibrate with varying amplitude (volume) and frequency (pitch).
The computer World is Digital
·
Digital
computers communicate using 2 discrete values. In other words, they speak in
binary (0 and 1).
·
Of
course, 0s and 1s are not literally transmitted
·
In
an electrical network, variations in voltage represent one of the two values.
·
In
an optical network, pulses of light provide the discrete values.
·
The
pulses of light or voltage variations are the “signal”.
·
Two
values in different combinations sufficiently encode text, number, image and
sound.
·
Recall
that the telegraph was an early example of communications using discrete,
electrical pulse transmission.
Information system:
A combination of hardware, software, infrastructure and trained personnel organized to facilitate planning, control, coordinate and decision making in an organization.
Communication Modes:-
It refers to the direction of flow of signals among linked devices.
There are three ways for transmitting data from one point to another
1. Simplex Mode
2. Half-Duplex Mode
3. Full-Duplex Mode
1. Simplex Mode:
•
Features:
a)
Unidirectional
b)
Send-only
or Receive-only devices
c)
Sender
is unaware about the status of transmission.
d)
Rarely
used for data communication.
Example: Radio and T.V transmissions
2. Half-Duplex Mode
•
Features:
a)
Two-way
communication but not simultaneously.
b)
At a
moment it is unidirectional only.
c)
Can
alternately send and receive data.
d)
Transmission
direction can be changed whenever
required.
e)
Delay
factor (Line Tumaround Time) is associated.\
Example:
1) Wireless handsets used by
military personnel.
2) Internet browsing
3. Full-Duplex Mode:
•
Features:
a)
Also
known as Duplex Mode
b)
Communication
in both directions simultaneously.
c)
Line
Tumaround time is eliminated.
d)
Much
efficient mode
Example: Telephone communication system
Highest Mountain of the world is:
Mount Everest, Himalayan Mountains, Nepal
Height of Mount Everest is in:
8,850 meters
(29,035 feet)
2nd highest mountain in the world is:
Mount
Godwin-Austen (K2),
Karakoram Mountain Range, Pakistan
Height of K2 is:
8,611 m
(28,251 feet),
Where is Mount Olympus?
Greece.
Where are Margalla Hills?
Islamabad, Pakistan
Which mountain range separate Asia from Europe?
Ural Mountains
Oldest rocks of the world is:
Bedrock in
northeastern Canada
The oldest
mountain range on earth is:
Barberton
Makhonjwa Mountains of South Africa and into the Kingdom of Eswatin
Youngest mountain system of the world:
Himaliyas.
Where are Andes Mountains?
South America.
World’s longest mountain range is:
The Andes
Ring of Fire volcanoes are in:
From the
southern tip of South America, up along the coast of North America, across the
Bering Strait, down through Japan, and into New Zealand.
Europe’s largest mountain system is:
The Alps
Atlas Mountains are in:
Morocco, North Africa.
Which is the greatest mountain range in the world?
The Himalaya mountain range (Asia)
Which is the largest single rock in the world?
Uluru or
Ayers Rock
Mauna kea volcano is in:
North-Nentral
Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.
Where is “Black Forest” is a mountain?
Southwest Germany.
The largest mountain system of North America is:
Rocky Mountains
Where is Koh-i-Sultan?
Baluchistan, Pakistan.
Which is the highest mountain system in the world?
Himalayas.
Safed Koh is mountain range in:
Pakistan-Afghanistan
border
Nanga Parbat known as Killer Mountain is in:
Himalaya range, Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan.
Where is Broad Peak?
Karakoram range, Baltistan situated on the border of Pakistan and China.
Tirich Mir is in:
Hindu Kush Mountain Range, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Prince Charles is mountain range is in:
Antarctica.
Glasshouse Mountains are in:
Queensland Australia
Zardak is the highest peak of:
Kirthar range.
Where are Blue Mountains?
New South Wales,
Australia.
Where is Mount Ararat?
Turkey
1. Aberration:
خرابی
Anomaly,
deviation
2. Abeyance:
التوا
Suspension,
a state of latency
3. Abhor:
نفرت
Hate,
detest, recoil from
4. Abide:
پابند رہیں
Comply with,
obey
5. Abjure
انکاری قسم کھانا
Reject,
Renounce, To give up
6. Abet
مجرم کی مدد کرنا
Support,
Encourage, Help someone in doing wrong
گھسنا
Scrape Away,
Rubbed off
8. Abrasion
رگڑنا
Scraping
9. Abrogate
منسوخ کرنا
Annul by authority
10. Abscond
روپوش
Escape, run
away
11. Abstruse
ابتر ، مشکل،پچیدہ
Difficult, puzzling
12. Abundant
وافر
Ample
13. Abut
ملا ہوا ہونا
Adjoin
Deep,
endless, Bottomless
15. Acarpous
بے ثمر
Fruitless, no longer fertile, barren, effete.
16. Accentuate
زور ڈالنا
Give
prominence to, give more force or attention to
17.
Acclaimed:
سراہا گیا
Praise,
Applaud
18. Accolade
تعریف
Honor, Praise, approval
19. Accretion:
اضافہ, نشونما
Growth, formation
20. Acquiesce:
تسلیم کرنا
Permit,
consent to, agree to
21. Acquisition
حصول
Possession,
accession
22. Adamant:
اٹل
Unwavering,
immovable, inflexible
23. Adhere:
لگاؤ
Cling, stick
24. Adhesion
آسنجن, لگاوٗ
Adhering,
gluing
25.
Adjacent
ملحقہ
Adjoining,
neighbouring, lying near
26. Admonitory
نصیحت کرنے والا
Warning,
monitory
27. Adorn:
سجانا
Furnish,
decorate
28. Adulteration
ملاوٹ
Unpure , Contaminated
29. Affable
ملنسار
Friendly, Amiably
لگاؤ
Empathy, sympathy, accord, harmony, close connection
31. Aggravate
بڑھانا
Irritate,
make worse;
32. Agile:
پھرتیلی
Active, quick-moving
اشتیاق سے
Eager, excited
علیل ہونا
Trouble;
pain
35. Alacrity:
شوق سے
Readiness,
enthusiasm
36. Alcove:
طاق
Recess,
Cavity
37. Alienate:
اجنبی
Estrange
38. Allegiance
بیعت
Loyalty, faithfulness
39. Alleviate
کم کرنا
Reduce,
ease, relieve
40. Alloy
ملاوٹ
Mixure,
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